Queuing system

ABSTRACT

A technique for controlling access to one or more attractions is achieved using a number of access keys, each being issued to one or more users. An electronic queue management part manages a virtual queue in respect of each attraction and receives electronic requests for attraction access, each request relating to an access key and being for the users associated with it to access a particular attraction. Receipt of each request causes the respective users to be added to a corresponding virtual queue. A time at which each group of users reaches the front of the virtual queue and can access the attraction is determined. The users access the attractions by presenting an access key to an access control part, in communication with the electronic queue management part. Only a user presenting an access key at the correct time for accessing the attraction is allowed access to the attraction.

This application is a National Stage of PCT/GB2015/051607, filed Jun. 2, 2015, entitled “QUEUING SYSTEM,” which claims priority to GB Patent Application No. 1409764.6, filed Jun. 2, 2014, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Queuing systems are employed in various types of situation where multiple users wish to access the same resource or attraction at the same time or as early as possible, including restaurants, amusement park rides, museum or gallery exhibits, service counters or meetings and other similar activities. In such situations, a physical queue is often used. A ticket-based queuing system (a so-called ‘deli-counter’ ticket) is an improvement on this, but still groups all waiting users together.

A priority queuing system, which can differentiate between users is a further improvement. Current priority queuing systems involve the use of a physical standby queue and some form of priority queue, which may either be virtual or physical (stand-in-line). Virtual queuing systems have been used for many years, for example those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,978,770, U.S. Pat. No. 6,529,786, U.S. Pat. No. 8,606,605 and US-2010/0117790. These use electronic systems to manage the priority queue, rather than all of the users waiting in physical queues. Virtual queues offer benefits to attraction operators and users (also referred to as guests in the context of an amusement park, for instance), since time spent waiting in a physical queue is considered wasted and could be spent on other activities.

However, such second line priority systems have problems. Firstly, they can cause guest resentment. Priority guests (particularly those with a ‘front of line’ pass) may be seen by other (stand-by) guests getting to the front of the line a number of times before that stand-by guest has themselves reached the front of line. Also, such priority systems require more than one physical entry point, so existing attraction entrances need remodelling with separate entry points keeping the two queues separate. Extra staff or equipment is often required for these additional entry points, increasing costs and complexity. Thus, an amusement park cannot realistically manage more than two queues per attraction with this system.

Where multiple attractions are being managed at the same time, the complexity and costs increase by an order of magnitude, especially when a parallel virtual queuing system is set up for each attraction. Thus, management of guests or users for such queuing systems in a cost-efficient and operationally-efficient way remains a challenge

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Against this background, there is provided a queuing system for controlling access by a plurality of users to one or more attractions (that is, one attraction or a plurality of attractions). The plurality of users have a plurality of access keys and each access key is associated with at least one user from the plurality of users.

The queuing system comprises: an electronic queue management part, configured to manage at least one virtual queue in respect of the one or more attractions, the electronic queue management part being further configured to receive electronic requests for attraction access, each request relating to a respective access key and being for the at least one user associated with the access key to access an attraction from the one or more attractions, receipt of each request causing the respective at least one user to be added to the at least one virtual queue and wherein the electronic queue management part is further configured to determine a time at which the respective at least one user in respect of each request reaches a front of the at least one virtual queue and can access an attraction from the one or more attractions on presentation of the respective access key; and an access control part, in communication with the electronic queue management part and arranged to control access to the attraction such that only a user presenting an access key at the determined time for accessing the (or each) attraction is allowed to access the (respective) attraction. In particular, no other normal access to the (respective) attraction may be permitted (although access for other types of users, such as disabled users may additionally be provided). Thus, each of the at least one virtual queue may be associated with a respective attraction. Then, the at least one user to which the request relates may be allocated to a virtual queue associated with the attraction to which the request relates (there may be one or multiple virtual queues for each attraction).

This provides a complete (100%) virtual queuing system, such that no user (referred to as a guest) queues in a physical line that operates in parallel (as opposed to series) with the one or more virtual queues. This provides a large number of improved opportunities for management of the virtual queue or queues. Although as mentioned above, there may be exceptional cases (such as a disabled user) that may be able to bypass the complete virtual queue, it may be possible to accommodate even such cases in the virtual queue. For example, disabled users may be managed through the system to avoid discrimination. This may further ensure that they avoid having to wait in line for long periods.

The electronic queue management part is preferably further configured to select one or more users from those allocated to a first virtual queue of the one or more virtual queues. The selected one or more users may each have a respective current position or wait time in the first virtual queue. Then, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to reallocate the selected one or more users to a reallocated position or wait time within the first virtual queue or within a second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues.

In the preferred embodiment, the reallocated position or wait time is either: (a) within the first virtual queue and more advanced than the current position or wait time (that is a position closer to the front and/or a shorter wait time); or (b) within a second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues and the same or more advanced than the current position or wait time (that is a position the same distance or closer to the front and/or the same or a shorter wait time). This may allow users to be reallocated efficiently and fairly in an electronic queuing system. Optionally, the reallocated position or wait time may be less advanced (that is a position further from the front and/or a longer wait time compared with the current position or wait time) within either the first or second virtual queues. By selecting users (particularly only some of the users, as indicated below), the electronic system may be able to redistribute users to cope with unexpected events (such as a reduction in throughput or closure of an attraction) or to improve efficiency in respect of other attractions (for example, where their virtual queues do not provide sufficient users to maintain capacity). Typically, advancing the user within the queue or transferring the user to another queue either in the same or a more advanced position may be to their benefit, as it may result in shorter wait time overall until an attraction can be accessed (for instance if the attraction associated with the first virtual queue closes or suffers some throughput rate reduction). In some cases, pushing a user back in a virtual queue may be to their benefit. For example, the user may realise that they cannot make the time slot window they have been allocated and they may therefore obtain a time later than their current one. A small time slot window may help the system accuracy and may allow a user to push back and/or let the system know that they will be late.

The electronic queue management part is advantageously further configured to keep a respective current position or wait time the same for each of the users allocated to the first virtual queue that are not the selected one or more users, when the selected one or more users are reallocated to the reallocated position or wait time. Additionally or alternatively, the electronic queue management part is further configured to keep a respective current position or wait time the same for each of the users allocated to the second virtual queue that are not the selected one or more users, when the selected one or more users are reallocated to the reallocated position or wait time (particularly in the second virtual queue). In other words, only the selected user or users may be reallocated and the positions or wait times of other users may remain unaffected.

In some embodiments, the electronic queue management part is configured to select the one or more users by receiving a request from the one or more users. Then, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to reallocate the selected one or more users in response to receipt of the request. Additionally or alternatively, the electronic queue management part may be configured to offer reallocation to at least one user allocated to the first virtual queue. Then, the selected one or more users may comprise one, some or all of the at least one user offered reallocation. In that case, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to receive a request from one or more users in response to the one or more users being offered reallocation. Then, the selected one or more users may comprise one, some or all of the one or more users from whom a request is received. Thus, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to reallocate the selected one or more users in response to receipt of the request.

In some embodiments, the selected one or more users comprise a user who has (or users who have) previously been reallocated to the first virtual queue from another virtual queue. Such users may, for example, be offered the opportunity to move forward (advance) and/or be moved forward (advanced) in the first virtual queue, when they have previously been reallocated to the first virtual queue from another virtual queue, for example a virtual queue for which the associated attraction suffered a problem, such as a reduced throughput or closure.

Preferably, the electronic queue management part is configured to manage at least one virtual queue in respect each of a plurality of attractions. Thus, each attraction has one virtual queue or a plurality of virtual queues associated with it. For example, an attraction can have a primary virtual queue that might be considered a normal (stand-by) virtual queue and a secondary virtual queue that might be deemed a priority virtual queue. One advantage of this approach is that the merge point of the two queues is itself virtual. Hence, a first guest A who is in the primary virtual queue presents themselves or their group at the front at the same time as a second guest B who is in the secondary virtual queue. Neither will have any idea how long the other has waited and only one access point to the attraction is needed. This will be discussed further below. In the preferred embodiment, the electronic queue management part is configured to manage a first virtual queue in respect of a first attraction from the one or more attractions and to manage a second virtual queue in respect of a second, different attraction from the one or more attractions. Alternatively, the second virtual queue may be associated with the first attraction.

Advantageously, each of the plurality of access keys comprises one or more of: a portable communications device (for example a mobile telephone, smartphone, watch device, tablet device or similar wireless communications device); a RFID device; a paper ticket; and a biometric feature. The use of an electronic access key may have advantages. For example, the electronic queue management part may be configured to receive the electronic requests through a wireless interface from an access key. In addition or alternatively, the electronic queue management part may be configured to receive the electronic requests from a system or device that is separate to the access key (for example, a booking kiosk), but which may be able to interface with the access key to allow identification of the at least one user associated with the access key.

Access to the attraction is allowed at a time set by the queuing system. This time may be a time range. For example, the determined time may comprise one or both of: an earliest time at which the at least one user can access the attraction; and a latest time at which the at least one user can access the attraction.

Beneficially, the access control part comprises an access barrier for each of the one or more attractions. The access barrier may be configured to allow access by one or more users to the attraction on presentation of an access key associated with the one or more users at the determined time. For example, the access barrier may comprise a sensor configured to detect the access key (for example, by means of a wireless or RFID link, by means of a barcode, QR code or other coding on paper or electronic format or by biometric recognition). In some embodiments, the access barrier defines a physical buffer queue (for instance, the entry point of the physical buffer queue, which then extends to the attraction). The physical buffer queue may allow access to the attraction for all users that have passed through the access barrier. Multiple physical buffer queues per attraction may be provided. It should be noted that the physical buffer queue is in series (not parallel) with the at least one virtual queue managed by the electronic queue management part. Entry to a physical buffer queue is allowed only after reaching a front of the at least one virtual queue.

A change in the rate of throughput of an attraction (the throughput rate change), for example, closure (which may be unexpected) or throughput delay of an attraction may cause the at least one virtual queue and/or any physical buffer queue to become long and may result in a poor experience for users. Preferably, the electronic queue management part is further configured to detect a closure (typically unexpected) or throughput delay of an attraction (for example, by the provision of external information or by a sensor) and to allocate a user either in the at least one virtual queue or in the physical buffer queue (which may also be deemed part of a virtual queue) for the attraction to another attraction. As discussed above, this may be done by request of the user (by means of the respective access key, for instance) or automatically without request, for instance based on other criteria such as current time, time waited or a probability of reopening or increased throughput of the ride. Additionally or alternatively, the replacement attraction may be specified by the system or selected by the user from a plurality of attractions offered by the system. More preferably, the electronic queue management part is further configured to allocate the user in the at least one virtual queue or physical buffer queue for the attraction to another attraction with a priority setting. The advantage of a priority setting is discussed below.

Registration of the access key may allow the electronic queue management part to associate it with one or more users. In some embodiments, the queuing system may further comprise an access key registration part, configured to record an association between each access key and the respective at least one users associated with the access key. The access key registration part may be in communication with the electronic queue management part for communication of information about an access key in respect of which a request has been received.

Different types of virtual queue may be managed by the queuing system. For example, the electronic queue management part is optionally configured to manage each of the at least one virtual queue according to a predetermined wait time (variable throughput) or a predetermined throughput (variable wait time). The predetermined wait time or a predetermined throughput may be fixed or variable. In some embodiments, the electronic queue management part is configured to manage a virtual queue from the at least one virtual queue in the form of a queue sequence. However, alternatives to a queue sequence are possible. For instance, the virtual queue may be a statistical spread of users based on their request time and the attraction throughput, such as the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,606,605.

The electronic queue management part may be configured to reallocate the user within the at least one virtual queue to another attraction in response to receipt of a request to switch. For example, the electronic queue management part may be configured to reallocate the user within the at least one virtual queue to another attraction such that the reallocated position or wait time of the user remains the same. Thus, reallocation may cause no additional wait time for the user or users until they are able to access an attraction.

Advantageously, the electronic queue management part is configured to manage the at least one virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of users from a front of the queue according to a set rate (for example, a number of users per unit of time, such as a minute). This may be a predicted removal in the sense that an estimated wait time or attraction access time for one or more users may be based on the rate of predicted removal, although the actual rate of removal may depend on the rate at which users access the attraction or enter a physical buffer queue preceding the attraction access. The electronic queue management part is further configured to identify a throughput parameter of the attraction associated with the at least one virtual queue and to adjust each virtual queue, especially the first virtual queue, in accordance with the determined throughput parameter. The identified throughput parameter of the attraction associated with the virtual queue may comprise one of more of: a throughput rate of the attraction associated with the virtual queue; a change in throughput rate of the attraction associated with the virtual queue; a rate of change in the throughput rate of the attraction associated with the virtual queue. In particular, the electronic queue management part may be configured to manage a virtual queue (such as the first virtual queue) by predicting removal of or removing a number of users from the front of the virtual queue according to a set rate and to adjust the set rate based on the determined throughput parameter of the attraction associated with the virtual queue. The electronic queue management part may be configured to determine the time for the at least one user to access the attraction in response to the removal of the at least one user from the at least one virtual queue, for example if the users are removed from the front of the queue according to a set rate.

The electronic queue management part is beneficially configured to identify a decrease in the throughput rate of the attraction associated with a virtual queue, such as the first virtual queue. It may then be configured to inform the at least one user in the virtual queue in response to the identification. Informing the at least one user in the virtual queue if the throughput rate change is a decrease in the throughput rate may comprise offering to reallocate the at least one user to the second attraction. Such an offer may be an invitation for reallocation, as discussed above.

The rate of removal or predicted rate of removal from the front of the at least one virtual queue may be set according to different criteria. For example, the rate may be set on the basis of a number of users associated with a single access key in the virtual queue. This may allow multiple users associated with a single access key to access the attraction at the same time. The increase or decrease in predicted or actual removal rate may be offset by a corresponding decrease or increase in removal rate at a later time. Additionally or alternatively, the rate may be set on the basis of proportion (which may be 100% or less) of an attraction throughput or capacity. Advantageously, the proportion is less than 100% or no more than 95%, 90%, 80% or 75%. Reducing the proportion to less than 100% may mitigate any problems due to the actual throughput of the attraction varying. The proportion is optionally set on the basis of a reliability performance for the attraction. The reliability performance may be based on one or more of: a variability of throughput for the attraction; a rate of unexpected closure for the attraction; a rate of unexpected closure for one or a more other attractions.

In another option (which may be combined with others), the rate (predicted or actual) is set on the basis of a length of the physical buffer queue. In addition or alternatively, the rate may be set on the basis of a rate of change for the physical buffer queue length. Optionally, the length of the physical buffer queue is used to determine whether one or more users are moved around in the at least one virtual queue, for example offered immediate access to the attraction or physical buffer queue if the physical buffer queue is too short or their reservation may be delayed in time if the physical buffer queue is too long.

In some embodiments, the queuing system further comprises a sensor, configured to measure or estimate throughput for the attraction over time, the rate being set based on the measured or estimated throughput. The throughput can be defined (and therefore measured or estimated) in a variety of ways, for example, in terms of: a number of users accessing the attraction per time interval; and/or the time taken by a user to advance a set length in a virtual queue and/or a physical buffer queue.

Preferably, the electronic queue management part is further configured to indicate to the user (optionally, via the access key) an estimated time to reach (or a time at which the user will reach) the front of the at least one virtual queue (such as the first virtual queue). The electronic queue management may be configured to indicate the estimated time to the at least one user via the access key associated with the at least one user.

The estimated time may be based on the set rate of predicted or actual removal. Beneficially, the electronic queue management part is further configured to update the estimated time at each of a plurality of times (for example, at regular intervals and/or based on another event, such as removal of users from the virtual queue) and to indicate the updated estimated time to the user.

This indication may be useful to the user generally, but it may also allow further interaction between the user and the queuing system. For example, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to receive a reject instruction from the user (such as from the access key) in response to the indication of the updated estimated time (especially if the estimated time for at least one user associated with an access key is updated to an earlier time from a later time and/or if the estimated wait time for the at least one user is updated to a shorter time from a longer previous time). Then, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to cause the estimated time to change back to the later time in response to the reject instruction. The reject instruction may be sent by the at least one user via the associated access key. A user or users selected for reallocation may comprise one, some or all of the user or users from which a reject instruction is not received. Alternatively, one or more users may provide an approve instruction (via their access key) and the electronic queue management part may be configured to receive this. Then, a user or users selected for reallocation may comprise one, some or all of the user or users from which an approve instruction is received. In some cases, the reliability of the attraction may be greater than expected. The actual throughput for the attraction may be greater than the set rate of predicted or actual removal from the front of a virtual queue (or the sum of the rates for multiple virtual queues) associated with the attraction. In this case, a request may be made to one or more selected users as to whether they wish to bring their time forward (they can decline if, for example, they are already busy, such as having lunch or another ride). Alternatively, they can be pushed back, but given the opportunity to transfer to a different attraction rather than having to wait longer. As noted above, closure or delays on the attraction may cause problems. Preferably, the electronic queue management part is further configured to detect a closure (planned or unexpected) or throughput delay of an attraction and to adjust the at least one virtual queue in respect of the attraction accordingly. The electronic queue management part may then be further configured to inform a user in the at least one virtual queue in respect of the attraction of the closure or throughput delay.

The electronic queue management part may be configured to invite the user to switch to another attraction in response to the indicated estimated time or the information or closure or delay. The electronic queue management part may be further configured to receive a request from the user to switch to another attraction in response to the indicated estimated time and/or information (and/or invitation). Then, electronic queue management part may be further configured to reallocate the user within the at least one virtual queue to another attraction in response to receipt of the request to switch. For example, the electronic queue management part may be configured to reallocate the user within the at least one virtual queue to another attraction such that the reallocated position or wait time of the user remains the same. Thus, reallocation may cause no additional wait time for the user or users until they are able to access an attraction.

The virtual queue may be managed in various ways. Priority management is a desirable part of the queuing system. In embodiments, the electronic queue management part is configured to determine that at least one user has a priority setting, thereby causing the position of the user in the at least one virtual queue to move forward at a faster rate than other users in the at least one virtual queue. Additionally or alternatively, the electronic queue management part is further configured to receive a freeze request in respect of at least one user in the at least one virtual queue causing the at least one user's position in the at least one virtual queue to be fixed, with all other users' positions in the at least one virtual queue changing around the at least one user's fixed position. Then, the electronic queue management part may be further configured to receive an unfreeze request in respect of at least one user having a fixed position in the at least one virtual queue, thereby causing the at least one user's position in the at least one virtual queue to be variable.

In some embodiments, the at least one virtual queue comprises a first virtual queue having a first rate of predicted removal or removal from the front of the first virtual queue to access an attraction and a second virtual queue having a second rate of predicted removal or removal from the front of the second virtual queue to access the attraction. Advantageously, the first and second virtual queues are managed in parallel by the electronic queue management part. This may allow users with a priority setting to be placed in a specific one of the two virtual queues, for example the second virtual queue. Beneficially, the electronic queue management part is further configured to control the addition of users to the first and second virtual queues and/or the first and second rates of predicted removal or removal, such that an average wait time for a user in the second virtual queue is less than an average wait time for a user in the first virtual queue. Thus, the second virtual queue may be used for users with a priority setting.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of managing a queuing system for controlling access by a plurality of users to one or more attractions. The plurality of users have a plurality of access keys, each access key being associated with at least one user from the plurality of users. The method comprises: receiving electronic requests for attraction access, each request relating to a respective access key and being for the at least one user associated with the access key to access an attraction from the one or more attractions; for each request received, adding the respective at least one user a virtual queue in respect of the attraction; managing the one or more virtual queues in respect of the one or more attractions (each of the at least one virtual queue being associated with a respective attraction of the one or more attractions, such that for each request received, the step of adding may comprise adding the respective at least one user to a virtual queue associated with the respective attraction); determining a time at which the respective at least one user in respect of each request reaches a front of the respective virtual queue and can access an attraction from the one or more attractions on presentation of the respective access key; and controlling access to the attraction such that only a user presenting an access key at the determined time for accessing the attraction is allowed to access the attraction, no other access to the attraction being permitted.

Preferably, the method further comprises selecting one or more users from those allocated to a first virtual queue of the one or more virtual queues, the selected one or more users each having a respective current position or wait time in the first virtual queue. Then, the method more preferably further comprises reallocating the selected one or more users to a reallocated position or wait time within the first virtual queue or within a second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues. In the preferred embodiment, the reallocated position or wait time is either: (a) within the first virtual queue and more advanced than the current position or wait time; or (b) within a second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues and the same or more advanced than the current position or wait time.

This method aspect may be combined with features corresponding to those described herein with reference to the queuing system. A computer program, configured to perform any method as disclosed herein when operated by a processor or (digital) logic configured to perform any method as disclosed herein are also provided as aspects. The combination of any specific features from any embodiments or aspects is also provided, even if that combination is not explicitly disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be put into practice in a number of ways, and a preferred embodiment will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic allocation of guests in a virtual queue;

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates interactions between user devices and a system operated in accordance with the disclosure;

FIG. 3 shows a variation in the length of an exemplary buffer queue over time;

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic reallocation of guests in a buffer queue; and

FIG. 5 shows a schematic allocation of guests in a system with multiple virtual queues.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

With reference to FIG. 1, a schematic representing an allocation of guests (interchangeably referred to as users) in a virtual queue according to an embodiment is shown. The system includes an attraction entry point 101, a buffer queue 102, a barrier for entry to the buffer queue 103, and at least one virtual queue 104.

When a guest makes a reservation (the process for doing which will be explained below), they will be entered into a virtual queue 104. The throughput of the virtual queue (the number of guests per unit in time) will be determined by parameters in the system and will be arranged to have an average throughput 105. This is also set as a parameter of the queue and is, for example, a percentage of the maximum throughput of the ride. Guests are shown their reservation time either on their portable communication device or at a kiosk.

The guests in the queue may be moved around if necessary by the system as they can be waiting anywhere (for example in an amusement park, other enclosure of attractions, village, town, city or wider area), they may be allocated a new reservation time or prompted to select one, based on various events.

At their allotted time, the guest presents themselves with an access key or device, which may be a mobile telephone, smartphone, RFID device (such as a card, wristband or other wearable item), a card or wearable item (such as a wristband) with a visual code (such as a barcode), paper ticket, body part (for biometric identification) or other device showing that they can access the attraction, at the barrier for entry to the buffer queue. The barrier 103 may be automatic or manual. They then wait in a short buffer queue 102 to get onto the attraction through the attraction entry point 101.

In cases where the buffer queue 102 is not necessary, the barrier 103 and the attraction entry point 101 will be one and the same.

The buffer queue 102 has an optimum length 106. Changes in the length of the buffer queue from this optimum are signalled back to the system, either through automatic sensing apparatus or via an attendant 107.

The queue or queues in which guests are placed, prior to being granted access to the buffer queue (through the entry barrier 103), is/are managed by the queue manager, which is an electronic (computerised) system. These queues are entirely virtual queues. Advantageously, this allows guests to queue for an attraction without having to physically stand in a line. There may be different types of virtual queue, as will be discussed below. Although the queue manager may also manage the physical buffer queue 102, access to this is only available through the virtual queues.

This system will support a park, for example, where there are a number of rides or other attractions. One or more of the available attractions may be managed by the queuing system. The system supports different queue types, for instance:

-   -   where the throughput of the ride is fixed, so the length of         queue is a function of the number of guests waiting in that         queue; and     -   where the wait time in the queue is fixed, so the throughput of         the queue varies and is a function of the number of guests in         the queue (any variation in the queue throughput can taken up         with a variation in the physical buffer queue 102, for example).

Other types of queue, such as where the throughput and/or wait time are variable are also possible.

A purpose of the buffer queue 102 is to allow optimum loading on attractions where there is a fixed number of spaces available (such as an amusement park ride). For attractions where there is some flexibility in the throughput (for example, a museum or walk-through attraction) this buffer queue 102 may not be necessary. The optimum length of this buffer queue 102 can be set in the system. This may be different for each ride.

Referring next to FIG. 2, there are schematically illustrated interactions between user devices and a system operated in accordance with the disclosure. In this embodiment, there are provided: a smartphone access key 401; a kiosk 402; an alternative access key 403; an access barrier 404; a scanning device 405; a management console 406; a (computer) server (also referred to as a system) 407. A communications network (or connectivity) 408 provides connectivity between the various components of the system. The management console 406 may be used by the operator of the attraction or attractions to configure the server 407 appropriately.

To use the system the guest first registers, which can be done using a personal communications device 401 (such as a mobile telephone) or at a kiosk 402. For a premium system this will include payment of the premium service level fee. For a system where all guests are required to use the system to book, a method of permitting that each guest only appears once is required. Typically this will be based on the entry ticket, where the ticket has a unique identifier for that guest or group. The system will allow that an entry ticket may only be used for one session in a day. Multiple entry tickets will enable a guest on subsequent visits to register their session.

A form of identification links each user to a device used to interact with the system, which is typically the smartphone access key or device 401 discussed above or an alternative type of access key 403, which will be discussed below. A link to the host system to validate and verify the ticket will reduce potential fraud of guests entering invalid tickets. If this system also provides information as to whether the ticket has been used that day to gain access to the park (that is, the guest is inside the park) this will provide a further level of security. A guest may register on their personal communication device 401; alternatively they may use an alternative static form of access device 403 (such as a paper ticket with an identifier such as a barcode, QR or other visual code, an RFID device, a short range wireless communications device such as based on Bluetooth or similar technologies or biometric) and register at a kiosk 402. This may allow each user of on the system 407 to be linked to a unique identifier for the guest in the form of their access key.

To register at a kiosk 402, the user presents their access key (either the smartphone 401 or the alternative access key 403) as well as their tickets (not shown). The kiosk 402 comprises a reader for the smartphone 401 and/or the alternative access key 403. The tickets are then associated with the access key into a session.

To register on a personal communication device 401, the guest can either use the device as the access key, or associate a different access key with the session and present the tickets of the group to associate these with the session (either by scanning or typing the ticket in). This can be done directly from the personal communication device 401, in particular over a network connection.

Where the tickets have been bought online in advance, the session containing the tickets and the access key of the guest may be passed by the ticket engine to the system to pre-create these sessions. In this case, the guest identifies themselves with the system and their session is then retrieved.

The system 407 provides at least one virtual queue per attraction. However, some attractions may have multiple virtual queues. In this case, one of the virtual queues for an attraction may be considered a normal virtual queue and at least one other virtual queue for the attraction may be considered a premium virtual queue. The throughput for the normal virtual queue and the premium virtual queue for the same attraction may be different and the throughput for the premium virtual queue would normally be higher than that of the normal virtual queue.

Generally, a guest will only queue in one normal virtual queue at a time. The system may provide an enhanced service level generally through payment of a fee so that additional queue places may be added to their list. These are typically of the form of single or limited visits to an attraction, multiple attractions or faster access to one or more attractions. By providing a second virtual queue with different parameters the guest will get a time to go to the additional attraction. This will not stop them using the main system to queue and visit attractions whilst this additional entitlement remains on their list.

To make a reservation:

-   -   On a personal communication device 401 (where the guest remains         logged in during the visit), they select from the options         available on the screen which then communicates the preferences         to the server.     -   OR     -   At a kiosk 402, the guest presents an access key in the form of         a personal communication device 401, or alternative access key         403, such as an RFID device or media, a ticket or biometric         information to retrieve their session details which are then         presented on the kiosk 402 screen. The kiosk 402 presents the         guest with options similar to the smartphone 401, enabling them         to make a choice. Where appropriate, this information is then         loaded onto an access key, the guest re-presenting their access         key for the system to write the information to it.

To reserve a time, a guest will be presented with a list of the attractions and the predicted ride time. When they reserve, the system will check the current queue, add them to the end of it and notify them of the actual time that has been reserved for them. The guest may be free to alter this time to be later than that supplied by the system 407. This will enable the guest to plan other events if required, especially for purchased allocation.

In addition to the reservation for attractions, additional benefits may be made available for guests to purchase, which may enable timed access to attractions. These can be individual or grouped. These may be managed by adding a separate virtual queue for the attraction.

Guests may purchase access to some of the rides in advance, allowing them to ensure that during their visit they are guaranteed a ride on those that they want. The number of rides providing this will be determined by the system setup and packages available.

Packages for reserving additional rides may be available for purchase, or for credit to the guest's session at guest services discretion. A group of rides may be available from which the guest may only be allowed on a subset.

The guest may opt to ‘step out of the line’ to perform certain activities; in this case their position remains fixed. This allows them to maybe use the booking engine for something different, but without having to cancel their reservation and so re-joining the line at the end. Additionally or alternatively, the system may force the guest to do so, if the guest wants to do something else (for example due to a last minute reservation for another attraction, or a longer event such as lunch, a show or similar).

During normal operation, the queue management system 407 allocates a number of guests per unit of time (for example, a minute) that the ride can accommodate, each unit of time or ‘bucket’ will get filled with guests, then the next bucket will be filled. If a group is larger than the bucket, then the subsequent bucket or buckets will have a corresponding number subtracted from them.

One other alternative setup for the management of this 100% virtual queue system is for attractions that need or can cope with smaller buffer queues, as will now be discussed.

The system monitors the people going through the access point, from this determines the average throughput. This will be combined with past data and smoothed to avoid large changes.

Based on this throughput the wait times are calculated for all guests in the queue. When these wait times have changed by a pre-set margin, the guest will be notified of the change.

The guest is therefore not presented with a fixed visit time, but with an estimate, which will get more accurate the nearer to the front of the queue that they get. The guest can choose to revert to their original later time if they are unable to make the new estimated time.

By setting the throughput initially as a proportion of the expected throughput the reservation time should in normal running be brought forwards. In the event of ride closures the updated reservation times will be pushed out, for extended closure the system will offer them a choice of switching to another queue.

This system copes better with low throughput attractions where the throughput is more variable, so a fixed reservation time cannot be easily provided.

Guests may be grouped into priority groups, so that higher priority groups take precedence in being moved forwards, and become the last to be moved back.

When the guest arrives at the access barrier 404 at the time set by the server 407, the scanning device 405 detects the smartphone access key 401 or the alternative access key 403. The guest is allowed to pass through the access barrier 404 towards the attraction if the scanning device 405 (optionally after checking with the server 407) confirms that the guest is entitled to do so based on the time set by the server 407. The scanning device 405 may be integrated with the access barrier 404, so that the opening of the access barrier 404 is automatic. Alternatively (as shown), an attendant may be present to use the scanning device 405 and open the barrier based on the result.

The throughput of guests into the buffer queue can be adjusted so that normally it will be below the actual throughput of the ride. The factor will be determined operationally and will take into account:

-   -   the variability of throughput of that ride;     -   the propensity of the ride to break down, or other unanticipated         stoppages; and/or     -   the propensity of other rides within the park to break down or         have stoppages (planned or unplanned) resulting in temporary         closure and thus the potential need to offload guests.

To manage a line or lines efficiently, in every case where the throughput of the service or attraction can vary, the system must manage this virtual queue and keep the guest updated with their time to present themselves. This can be achieved by either moving the entry time forwards or backwards, or by sending a message to those with a personal device to determine whether they would accept a place sooner.

With reference to FIG .3, it is shown how the length of the physical buffer queue may vary over time. The rate of throughput of the virtual queue can be set as a proportion of the expected maximum throughput of the ride. By setting the rate at less than the maximum throughput, the steady state will be for the buffer queue to decrease in length 301. When the queue gets too short, this state is signalled back to the system controller which will cause a block of guests to be granted faster access to the front of the queue through a variety of means 302. This will take a few minutes to be seen in action, and will result in the queue length increasing 303. If the attraction closes for a short period, this will result in the buffer queue increasing in length as guests are fed onto it but are not leaving onto the attraction 304, when the attraction reopens the queue will decrease once again.

To cope with the inherent unknowns of an attraction, the throughput of guests at the front of the queue can be set as a percentage of the throughput that the ride can cope with. A more unreliable ride may have a lower allocation proportion. In a steady state, the entry to the buffer queue being below the throughput of the attraction, the buffer queue will decrease in size with time.

A system to monitor this buffer queue and send back the state will enable the system to bring forward a block of guests when the ride buffer queue gets too short. This will refill the buffer queue, which will then gradually shrink through time. The guest may be prompted to decide whether they wish to advance towards the front of the queue (this may correspond to the guest being allocated an earlier reservation time). Those guests who do not want to move their place need do nothing. Optionally this method of calling forward guests can prioritise certain groups of guests, such as those nearer the front first, those who have had their records flagged with a marker as a result of ride closures or other unexpected events.

Similarly if the queue becomes too long, the system may push guests back by increasing their reservation time. In this way, the rate at which users join the buffer queue and the overall length of the buffer queue may be controlled. Additionally or alternatively, the virtual queue can be set in the form of a fixed throughput queue.

The guest may be informed on their communication device that their reservation time is delayed. Certain types of guest (for example with pre-bought timed tickets) would potentially not be pushed back.

If the ride closes, the buffer queue will increase in length. When the ride reopens, the queue will then start to decrease again.

Thus, the rate at which users are removed from the virtual queue is the sum of: the physical rate at which they present themselves at the attraction (or its physical buffer queue) and go on to it; and the rate of those that have missed their allocated time slot and are therefore automatically removed from the queue. The predicted time given to each guest is set depending on the set rate of the virtual queue (which may be a percentage of maximum throughput of the attraction). If we expect 600 people per hour to be processed at the attraction, every minute will contain 10 people. The system can spot gaps in this (for instance, users cancelling) and fill these gaps, as explained above. This differs from existing systems, in that the number booking is known when a request is received (since the system is a complete virtual queuing approach), so a ride time is allocated based on the predicted throughput. If this throughput is changed, the system can re-allocate users by bringing them forward or moving them backwards.

With reference to FIG. 4, it is demonstrated how the position of guests in a buffer queue may be reallocated. The two queues 201 and 206 are for the attraction as it is running normally. As the attendant 207 scans a group into the buffer queue 206, the system 205 removes them from the virtual queue 204 and maintains a list 203 of those guests in the buffer queue 206. As there is no need to scan the guest out of the buffer queue when they get onto or into the attraction, this queue will grow, though a pruning algorithm would keep it at say 10 times the expected length, to avoid it getting too long.

If the ride breaks down (or the wait time increases for any other reason), the guests in the virtual queue 201 can be provided a choice of other attractions 202 that they may rebook on. The list of guests is held in the virtual queue 204. The wait time associated with each guest on the new ride would be configurable. Options for this would include but not be limited to the time that they have already waited subtracted from the length of the virtual queue that they are joining (either current length or the length at the time they originally reserved on the closed ride), or the time that they have yet to wait for the closed attraction. The system will track the number of guests allocated onto each ride to ensure that any one ride does not get too many. Another option is that the guest will be allocated an immediate access pass for the closed ride when it reopens, and are then free to book on another ride normally.

The attendant 207 will then scan the front of buffer queue 206, this will determine the head of the queue in the list 203, all guests after this point in the buffer queue can then be allocated a premium pass or similar for another ride. If there are multiple points that may be the head of the queue (e.g. a train that loads both sides) then the attendant will scan all possible heads and the system will then determine the list based on this.

A ride may close for a number of reasons and with subsequently different closure lengths. For scheduled stoppages (addition of a second or subsequent train for example) may be entered into the system beforehand, the system will then cause a gap in guests arriving to cater for this temporary stoppage. The throughput will then be adjusted accordingly after this stoppage so that a potentially different throughput of guests can then be accommodated.

For unexpected stoppages of short duration (e.g. ride cleaning), the buffer queue will grow during the stoppage, the system may attempt to push back some guests in the virtual queue. If guests are not delayed, then the buffer queue will grow in length. Since the throughput onto the buffer queue is set to be lower than the ride throughput, once the ride restarts the buffer queue will start to shrink.

For unexpected stoppages of a longer expected or unknown duration, the guests in the virtual queue may be reallocated by the system into queues for other rides (the group rides would be pre-set or set by an operator when the ride is marked as closed). Their new wait time may be set as the amount of time that they still have left to wait, or subtracting the amount of time that they have waited from the queue length of the new ride (either current or the length at the time that they reserved). The guests who have already scanned into a buffer queue will be out of the virtual queue. If there is no barrier for them to scan to get on the attraction then the system will keep a list of guests who have scanned in. The operator can then go to the guest at the front of the buffer queue (or multiple guests in the case of parallel loading) and scan their devices. The system may then assume that all guests after those scanned are in the buffer queue can then be immediately credited with a priority voucher within the system.

Enforcing a time limit on the window for the guest to ‘check in’ at the front of the line, the system can reduce the possible surges made by guests delaying their entry (lunch, another performance etc.) the guest in this case will be required to notify the server that they cannot arrive within their allotted window and select a later time when they will be able to arrive.

Different types of reservations will be treated in a priority order for this pull forward or push back—for example a timed purchased ticket will be pushed back after a non-purchased reservation.

A line closure will have the same effect (pre-empting the signalling of the buffer queue becoming too long).

When a ride closes the guests can be proactively managed, and reassigned (with the guest getting a choice) into virtual queues on the remaining rides. Those in the buffer queue can be credited with an immediate (front of line) pass to use elsewhere, removing some of the customer complaints and the need for the guest to complain to guest services to get some form of recompense.

With reference to FIG. 5, it is demonstrated how a queuing system according to embodiments of the present invention may be operated with multiple virtual queues in parallel. When the system manages 100% of the line, multiple queues 501, 502 may be configured whose individual throughputs will add up to the available throughput. The parameters of these queues may be set differently. In this example the second queue 502 provides a premium allocated ticket which does not count towards the guest's concurrent ride reservation limit. In this case the tail of the queue 504 is the time that is suggested to the guest when they purchase a timed reservation, though they are free to select a time later 503 if they have already planned something else at the time suggested.

Such a system may allow priority guests who have received an entitlement to the priority queue through some means, which may include paying for the entitlement, as a frequent user bonus, or being granted as a function of other parameters.

These additional queues can be run as fixed wait time queues or virtual queues where the length is dependent on the throughput allocated and the number of guests who have booked.

Each queue has separate parameters to determine the queue type as well as the throughput. Priority queuing may be sold into a second queue providing a fixed time, which allows the guest to carry on using the system for other rides.

By providing a virtual queue online, with an optional priority queue line in parallel the guest is freed from waiting in line and the merge point of the two queues is itself virtual so guest A who is in the standby line presents themselves or their group at the front at the same time as guest B who is in the priority line, neither will have any idea how long the other has waited.

Although a preferred embodiment has now been explained, the skilled person will understand that various alternatives and modifications are possible. For instance, although this system has been largely described with reference to an amusement park, it may equally be applied to other attractions or resources in which a time of access or entry may be desirable, such as a museum, a shop, an office counter, a restaurant or another appointment-based attraction or resource.

As noted above, throughput for the attraction may be measured by counting people moving through the access point. An alternative approach for measuring throughput is also considered. A wireless beacon may be placed at either end of the physical queue. Then, as a user with a wireless device that can interface with the beacon passes it, the device records the time. The device also records the time when it passes the end of the queue. It can then transmit this to a server. An advantage of this approach is that the queue ends can be moved easily and need no power or networking, which is instead reliant on the user device. The system may only need to measure a proportion of the guests rather than 100% to extract the necessary information (for instance, it may know how many have gone into the queue as they have been scanned previously). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A queuing system for controlling access by a plurality of user accounts to a plurality of resources, the plurality of user accounts being associated with a plurality of access keys, each access key being associated with at least one user account from the plurality of user accounts, the queuing system comprising: an electronic queue management server, configured to manage virtual queues, each virtual queue being associated with a respective resource of the plurality of resources, the electronic queue management server being further configured to: receive, via a communications network, electronic requests for resource access, each request relating to a respective access key and being for the at least one user account associated with the access key to access a resource from the plurality of resources, receipt of each request causing the respective at least one user account to be allocated to a virtual queue of the virtual queues associated with the resource, automatically identify a throughput parameter of the resource and manage the virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the queue according to a set rate based on the throughput parameter, wherein the rate is set on the basis of a proportion of a resource throughput or capacity, wherein the proportion is less than 100% of the resource throughput or capacity so that there are gaps in the virtual queue, and determine a time at which the respective at least one user account in respect of each request reaches a front of the allocated virtual queue and can access the resource on presentation of the respective access key, based on the set rate; and a plurality of access control devices, each access control device being associated with a respective resource of the plurality of resources, wherein each access control device is in communication with the electronic queue management server and comprises a sensor arranged to detect an access key and a barrier, wherein the access control device is configured to control access to the respective resource such that only by presenting the access key at the determined time for accessing the respective resource is access through the barrier to the resource permitted, no other access to the respective resource being permitted; wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to: receive, via the communications network, an electronic message comprising a request for reallocation from one or more user accounts from those allocated to a first virtual queue of the virtual queues, select one or more users accounts comprising one, some or all of the one or more user accounts from which a request for reallocation is received, the selected one or more user accounts each having a respective current position or wait time in the first virtual queue, automatically reallocate the selected one or more user accounts to a reallocated position or wait time within a second virtual queue from the virtual queues, so that gaps in the second virtual queue are filled by the one or more user accounts and an updated wait time for one or more users after the reallocated position or wait time in the second virtual queue is not necessitated as a result of the reallocation, the reallocated position within the second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues: is the same or more advanced than the current position or wait time, is set as the amount of time the selected one or more user accounts still have to wait in the first virtual queue, or is calculated by subtracting the amount of time that the selected one or more user accounts have waited in the first virtual queue from a queue length of the second virtual queue at the time of reallocation, the queue length of the second virtual queue being either the length of the second virtual queue at the time of reallocation or the length of the second virtual queue at the time that the selected one or more user accounts joined the first virtual queue.
 2. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to keep a respective current position or wait time the same for each of the user accounts allocated to the first virtual queue that are not the selected one or more user accounts, when the selected one or more user accounts are reallocated to the reallocated position or wait time.
 3. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to keep a respective current position or wait time the same for each of the user accounts allocated to the second virtual queue that are not the selected one or more user accounts, when the selected one or more user accounts are reallocated to the reallocated position or wait time.
 4. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage the first virtual queue in respect of a first resource from the plurality of resources and to manage the second virtual queue in respect of the first resource or a second, different resource from the plurality of resources.
 5. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to offer reallocation to at least one user account allocated to the first virtual queue, the selected one or more user accounts comprising one, some or all of the at least one user account offered reallocation.
 6. The queuing system of claim 5, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to receive a request from one or more user accounts in response to the one or more user accounts being offered reallocation, the selected one or more user accounts comprising one, some or all of the one or more user accounts from whom a request is received, the electronic queue management server being further configured to automatically reallocate the selected one or more user accounts in response to receipt of the request.
 7. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage the first virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the first virtual queue according to a set rate.
 8. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to identify a throughput parameter of the resource associated with the first virtual queue and to adjust the first virtual queue in accordance with the determined throughput parameter.
 9. The queuing system of claim 8, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage the first virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the first virtual queue according to a set rate and to adjust the set rate based on the determined throughput parameter of the resource associated with the first virtual queue.
 10. The queuing system of claim 8, wherein the identified throughput parameter of the resource associated with the first virtual queue comprises one of more of: a throughput rate of the resource associated with the first virtual queue; a change in throughput rate of the resource associated with the first virtual queue; a rate of change in the throughput rate of the resource associated with the first virtual queue.
 11. The queuing system of claim 10, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to identify a decrease in the throughput rate of the resource associated with the first virtual queue and to inform the at least one user account in the first virtual queue in response to the identification.
 12. The queuing system of claim 11, wherein informing the at least one user account in the first virtual queue if the throughput rate change is a decrease in the throughput rate comprises offering to reallocate the at least one user account to the second resource.
 13. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to indicate to the at least one user account an estimated time to reach the front of the first virtual queue or an estimated time at which the at least one user will reach the front of the first virtual queue.
 14. The queuing system of claim 13, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage the first virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the queue according to a set rate, and wherein the estimated time is based on the set rate.
 15. The queuing system of claim 13, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to indicate the estimated time via the access key associated with the at least one user account.
 16. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to update the estimated time at each of a plurality of times and to indicate the updated estimated time via the access key associated with the at least one user account.
 17. The queuing system of claim 16, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to receive a reject instruction from the at least one user account in response to the indication of the updated estimated time, if the estimated time for the at least one user account is updated to a shorter time from a longer previous time or to an earlier time from a later previous time, and to cause the estimated time to change back to the previous time in response to the reject instruction.
 18. The queuing system of claim 17, wherein the reject instruction is sent via the access key associated with the at least one user account.
 19. The queuing system of claim 17, wherein the selected one or more user accounts comprise one, some or all of the user accounts from which a reject instruction is not received.
 20. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the selected one or more user accounts comprise a user account that has previously been reallocated to the first virtual queue from another virtual queue.
 21. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the set rate is determined on the basis of a number of user accounts associated with a single access key in the virtual queue.
 22. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the proportion is set on the basis of a reliability performance for the resource.
 23. The queuing system of claim 22, wherein the reliability performance is based on one or more of: a variability of throughput for the resource; a rate of unexpected closure for the resource; a rate of unexpected closure for one or a more other resources.
 24. The queuing system of claim 1, further comprising: a sensor, configured to measure or estimate throughput for the resource over time.
 25. The queuing system of claim 24, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage the first virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the queue according to a set rate and the set rate is based on the measured or estimated throughput.
 26. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of access keys comprises one or more of: a portable communications device (for example a mobile telephone, smartphone or pager device); a RFID device; a paper ticket.
 27. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to receive the electronic requests through a wireless interface from an access key.
 28. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the determined time comprises one or both of: an earliest time at which access to the resource is permitted; and a latest time at which access to the resource is permitted.
 29. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the barrier of each access control device defines a respective physical buffer queue, the physical buffer queue allowing access to the respective resource for all users that have passed through the barrier.
 30. The queuing system of claim 29, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage the first virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the first virtual queue according to a set rate, and wherein the set rate is based on a length of the physical buffer queue of the resource associated with the first virtual queue.
 31. The queuing system of claim 29, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to detect a closure of the resource associated with the first virtual queue and to select one or more user accounts associated with users in the physical buffer queue for reallocation to a virtual queue associated with another resource.
 32. The queuing system of claim 31, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to allocate the user accounts associated with users in the physical buffer queue for the resource to a virtual queue associated with another resource with a priority setting.
 33. The queuing system of claim 1, further comprising: an access key registration server, configured to: record an association between each access key and the respective at least one user account associated with the access key, send an electronic message to the electronic queue management server and/or receive an electronic message from the electronic queue management server, the electronic message comprising information about an access key in respect of which a request has been received.
 34. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage each of the at least one virtual queue according to respective predetermined wait times or respective predetermined throughputs.
 35. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to manage a virtual queue from the at least one virtual queue in the form of a queue sequence.
 36. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is configured to determine that at least one user account has a priority setting, thereby causing the position of the user account in a virtual queue of the at least one virtual queue to move forward at a faster rate than other user accounts in the virtual queue.
 37. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to receive a freeze request in respect of at least one user account in a virtual queue of the at least one virtual queue causing the position of the at least one user account in the virtual queue to be fixed, with positions of all other user accounts in the virtual queue changing around the fixed position of the at least one user account.
 38. The queuing system of claim 37, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to receive an unfreeze request in respect of at least one user account having a fixed position in the virtual queue, thereby causing the position of the at least one user account in the virtual queue to be variable.
 39. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the first virtual queue has a first rate of predicting removal or removal from the front of the first virtual queue to access the resource associated with the first virtual queue and a second virtual queue has a second rate of predicting removal or removal from the front of the second virtual queue to access the resource associated with the second virtual queue, the first and second virtual queues being managed in parallel by the electronic queue management server.
 40. The queuing system of claim 39, wherein the electronic queue management server is further configured to control the addition of user accounts to the first and second virtual queues and the first and second rates of predicting removal or removal, such that an average wait time for a user account in the second virtual queue is less than an average wait time for a user account in the first virtual queue.
 41. The queuing system of claim 1, wherein the reallocated position within the second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues is set as the amount of time the selected one or more user accounts still have left to wait in the first virtual queue.
 42. A method of managing a queuing system for controlling access by a plurality of user accounts to a plurality of resources, the plurality of user accounts being associated with a plurality of access keys, each access key being associated with at least one user account from the plurality of user accounts, the method comprising: receiving, by an electronic queue management server and via a communications network, electronic requests for resource access, each request relating to a respective access key and being for the at least one user account associated with the access key to access a resource from the plurality of resources; managing, by the electronic queue management server, the one or more virtual queues in respect of the plurality of resources, each of the one or more virtual queues being associated with a respective resource of the plurality of resources; for each request received, adding, by the electronic queue management server, the respective at least one user account to a virtual queue associated with the respective resource; automatically identifying, by the electronic queue management server, a throughput parameter of the resource associated with the second virtual queue and managing the second virtual queue by predicting removal of or removing a number of user accounts from the front of the queue according to a set rate based on the throughput parameter, wherein the rate is set on the basis of a proportion of a resource throughput or capacity, wherein the proportion is less than 100% of the resource throughput or capacity so that there are gaps in the virtual queue; determining, by the electronic queue management server, a time at which the respective at least one user account in respect of each request reaches a front of the respective virtual queue and can access the resource associated with the respective virtual queue on presentation of the respective access key, based on the set rate; and detecting, by an access control device comprising a sensor and a barrier, an access key presented at the sensor of the access control device, controlling, by the access control device upon detection of the access key presented at the sensor of the access control device, access through the barrier to the resource for the at least one user account associated with the access key such that only by presenting the access key at the determined time for accessing the respective resource is access to the resource permitted, no other access to the respective resource being permitted; receiving, by the electronic queue management server and via the communications network, an electronic message comprising a request for reallocation from one or more user accounts from those allocated to a first virtual queue of the virtual queues; selecting, by the electronic queue management server, one or more user accounts comprising one, some or all of the one or more user accounts from which a request for reallocation is received, the selected one or more user accounts each having a respective current position or wait time in the first virtual queue; and automatically reallocating, by the electronic queue management server, the selected one or more user accounts to a reallocated position or wait time within a second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues; so that gaps in the second virtual queue are filled by the one or more user accounts and an updated wait time for one or more users after the reallocated position or wait time in the second virtual queue is not necessitated as a result of the reallocation, the reallocated position within the second virtual queue from the one or more virtual queues: is the same or more advanced than the current position or wait time, is set as the amount of time the selected one or more user accounts still have to wait in the first virtual queue, or is calculated by subtracting the amount of time that the selected one or more user accounts have waited in the first virtual queue from a queue length of the second virtual queue at the time of reallocation, the queue length of the second virtual queue being either the length of the second virtual queue at the time of reallocation or the length of the second virtual queue at the time that the selected one or more user accounts joined the first virtual queue. 